# Plotting utils from copy import copy from pathlib import Path import cv2 import math import matplotlib import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np import pandas as pd import seaborn as sn import torch import yaml from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont from utils.general import xywh2xyxy, xyxy2xywh from utils.metrics import fitness # Settings matplotlib.rc('font', **{'size': 11}) matplotlib.use('Agg') # for writing to files only class Colors: # Ultralytics color palette https://ultralytics.com/ def __init__(self): # hex = matplotlib.colors.TABLEAU_COLORS.values() hex = ('FF3838', 'FF9D97', 'FF701F', 'FFB21D', 'CFD231', '48F90A', '92CC17', '3DDB86', '1A9334', '00D4BB', '2C99A8', '00C2FF', '344593', '6473FF', '0018EC', '8438FF', '520085', 'CB38FF', 'FF95C8', 'FF37C7') self.palette = [self.hex2rgb('#' + c) for c in hex] self.n = len(self.palette) def __call__(self, i, bgr=False): c = self.palette[int(i) % self.n] return (c[2], c[1], c[0]) if bgr else c @staticmethod def hex2rgb(h): # rgb order (PIL) return tuple(int(h[1 + i:1 + i + 2], 16) for i in (0, 2, 4)) colors = Colors() # create instance for 'from utils.plots import colors' def hist2d(x, y, n=100): # 2d histogram used in labels.png and evolve.png xedges, yedges = np.linspace(x.min(), x.max(), n), np.linspace(y.min(), y.max(), n) hist, xedges, yedges = np.histogram2d(x, y, (xedges, yedges)) xidx = np.clip(np.digitize(x, xedges) - 1, 0, hist.shape[0] - 1) yidx = np.clip(np.digitize(y, yedges) - 1, 0, hist.shape[1] - 1) return np.log(hist[xidx, yidx]) def butter_lowpass_filtfilt(data, cutoff=1500, fs=50000, order=5): from scipy.signal import butter, filtfilt # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28536191/how-to-filter-smooth-with-scipy-numpy def butter_lowpass(cutoff, fs, order): nyq = 0.5 * fs normal_cutoff = cutoff / nyq return butter(order, normal_cutoff, btype='low', analog=False) b, a = butter_lowpass(cutoff, fs, order=order) return filtfilt(b, a, data) # forward-backward filter def plot_one_box(x, im, color=(128, 128, 128), label=None, line_thickness=3): # Plots one bounding box on image 'im' using OpenCV assert im.data.contiguous, 'Image not contiguous. Apply np.ascontiguousarray(im) to plot_on_box() input image.' tl = line_thickness or round(0.002 * (im.shape[0] + im.shape[1]) / 2) + 1 # line/font thickness c1, c2 = (int(x[0]), int(x[1])), (int(x[2]), int(x[3])) cv2.rectangle(im, c1, c2, color, thickness=tl, lineType=cv2.LINE_AA) if label: tf = max(tl - 1, 1) # font thickness t_size = cv2.getTextSize(label, 0, fontScale=tl / 3, thickness=tf)[0] c2 = c1[0] + t_size[0], c1[1] - t_size[1] - 3 cv2.rectangle(im, c1, c2, color, -1, cv2.LINE_AA) # filled cv2.putText(im, label, (c1[0], c1[1] - 2), 0, tl / 3, [225, 255, 255], thickness=tf, lineType=cv2.LINE_AA) def plot_one_box_PIL(box, im, color=(128, 128, 128), label=None, line_thickness=None): # Plots one bounding box on image 'im' using PIL im = Image.fromarray(im) draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) line_thickness = line_thickness or max(int(min(im.size) / 200), 2) draw.rectangle(box, width=line_thickness, outline=color) # plot if label: font = ImageFont.truetype("Arial.ttf", size=max(round(max(im.size) / 40), 12)) txt_width, txt_height = font.getsize(label) draw.rectangle([box[0], box[1] - txt_height + 4, box[0] + txt_width, box[1]], fill=color) draw.text((box[0], box[1] - txt_height + 1), label, fill=(255, 255, 255), font=font) return np.asarray(im) def plot_wh_methods(): # from utils.plots import *; plot_wh_methods() # Compares the two methods for width-height anchor multiplication # https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/issues/168 x = np.arange(-4.0, 4.0, .1) ya = np.exp(x) yb = torch.sigmoid(torch.from_numpy(x)).numpy() * 2 fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 3), tight_layout=True) plt.plot(x, ya, '.-', label='YOLOv3') plt.plot(x, yb ** 2, '.-', label='YOLOv5 ^2') plt.plot(x, yb ** 1.6, '.-', label='YOLOv5 ^1.6') plt.xlim(left=-4, right=4) plt.ylim(bottom=0, top=6) plt.xlabel('input') plt.ylabel('output') plt.grid() plt.legend() fig.savefig('comparison.png', dpi=200) def output_to_target(output): # Convert model output to target format [batch_id, class_id, x, y, w, h, conf] targets = [] for i, o in enumerate(output): for *box, conf, cls in o.cpu().numpy(): targets.append([i, cls, *list(*xyxy2xywh(np.array(box)[None])), conf]) return np.array(targets) def plot_images(images, targets, paths=None, fname='images.jpg', names=None, max_size=640, max_subplots=16): # Plot image grid with labels if isinstance(images, torch.Tensor): images = images.cpu().float().numpy() if isinstance(targets, torch.Tensor): targets = targets.cpu().numpy() # un-normalise if np.max(images[0]) <= 1: images *= 255 tl = 3 # line thickness tf = max(tl - 1, 1) # font thickness bs, _, h, w = images.shape # batch size, _, height, width bs = min(bs, max_subplots) # limit plot images ns = np.ceil(bs ** 0.5) # number of subplots (square) # Check if we should resize scale_factor = max_size / max(h, w) if scale_factor < 1: h = math.ceil(scale_factor * h) w = math.ceil(scale_factor * w) mosaic = np.full((int(ns * h), int(ns * w), 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8) # init for i, img in enumerate(images): if i == max_subplots: # if last batch has fewer images than we expect break block_x = int(w * (i // ns)) block_y = int(h * (i % ns)) img = img.transpose(1, 2, 0) if scale_factor < 1: img = cv2.resize(img, (w, h)) mosaic[block_y:block_y + h, block_x:block_x + w, :] = img if len(targets) > 0: image_targets = targets[targets[:, 0] == i] boxes = xywh2xyxy(image_targets[:, 2:6]).T classes = image_targets[:, 1].astype('int') labels = image_targets.shape[1] == 6 # labels if no conf column conf = None if labels else image_targets[:, 6] # check for confidence presence (label vs pred) if boxes.shape[1]: if boxes.max() <= 1.01: # if normalized with tolerance 0.01 boxes[[0, 2]] *= w # scale to pixels boxes[[1, 3]] *= h elif scale_factor < 1: # absolute coords need scale if image scales boxes *= scale_factor boxes[[0, 2]] += block_x boxes[[1, 3]] += block_y for j, box in enumerate(boxes.T): cls = int(classes[j]) color = colors(cls) cls = names[cls] if names else cls if labels or conf[j] > 0.25: # 0.25 conf thresh label = '%s' % cls if labels else '%s %.1f' % (cls, conf[j]) plot_one_box(box, mosaic, label=label, color=color, line_thickness=tl) # Draw image filename labels if paths: label = Path(paths[i]).name[:40] # trim to 40 char t_size = cv2.getTextSize(label, 0, fontScale=tl / 3, thickness=tf)[0] cv2.putText(mosaic, label, (block_x + 5, block_y + t_size[1] + 5), 0, tl / 3, [220, 220, 220], thickness=tf, lineType=cv2.LINE_AA) # Image border cv2.rectangle(mosaic, (block_x, block_y), (block_x + w, block_y + h), (255, 255, 255), thickness=3) if fname: r = min(1280. / max(h, w) / ns, 1.0) # ratio to limit image size mosaic = cv2.resize(mosaic, (int(ns * w * r), int(ns * h * r)), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA) # cv2.imwrite(fname, cv2.cvtColor(mosaic, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)) # cv2 save Image.fromarray(mosaic).save(fname) # PIL save return mosaic def plot_lr_scheduler(optimizer, scheduler, epochs=300, save_dir=''): # Plot LR simulating training for full epochs optimizer, scheduler = copy(optimizer), copy(scheduler) # do not modify originals y = [] for _ in range(epochs): scheduler.step() y.append(optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr']) plt.plot(y, '.-', label='LR') plt.xlabel('epoch') plt.ylabel('LR') plt.grid() plt.xlim(0, epochs) plt.ylim(0) plt.savefig(Path(save_dir) / 'LR.png', dpi=200) plt.close() def plot_val_txt(): # from utils.plots import *; plot_val() # Plot val.txt histograms x = np.loadtxt('val.txt', dtype=np.float32) box = xyxy2xywh(x[:, :4]) cx, cy = box[:, 0], box[:, 1] fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(6, 6), tight_layout=True) ax.hist2d(cx, cy, bins=600, cmax=10, cmin=0) ax.set_aspect('equal') plt.savefig('hist2d.png', dpi=300) fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 6), tight_layout=True) ax[0].hist(cx, bins=600) ax[1].hist(cy, bins=600) plt.savefig('hist1d.png', dpi=200) def plot_targets_txt(): # from utils.plots import *; plot_targets_txt() # Plot targets.txt histograms x = np.loadtxt('targets.txt', dtype=np.float32).T s = ['x targets', 'y targets', 'width targets', 'height targets'] fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(8, 8), tight_layout=True) ax = ax.ravel() for i in range(4): ax[i].hist(x[i], bins=100, label='%.3g +/- %.3g' % (x[i].mean(), x[i].std())) ax[i].legend() ax[i].set_title(s[i]) plt.savefig('targets.jpg', dpi=200) def plot_study_txt(path='', x=None): # from utils.plots import *; plot_study_txt() # Plot study.txt generated by val.py plot2 = False # plot additional results if plot2: ax = plt.subplots(2, 4, figsize=(10, 6), tight_layout=True)[1].ravel() fig2, ax2 = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(8, 4), tight_layout=True) # for f in [Path(path) / f'study_coco_{x}.txt' for x in ['yolov5s6', 'yolov5m6', 'yolov5l6', 'yolov5x6']]: for f in sorted(Path(path).glob('study*.txt')): y = np.loadtxt(f, dtype=np.float32, usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9], ndmin=2).T x = np.arange(y.shape[1]) if x is None else np.array(x) if plot2: s = ['P', 'R', 'mAP@.5', 'mAP@.5:.95', 't_preprocess (ms/img)', 't_inference (ms/img)', 't_NMS (ms/img)'] for i in range(7): ax[i].plot(x, y[i], '.-', linewidth=2, markersize=8) ax[i].set_title(s[i]) j = y[3].argmax() + 1 ax2.plot(y[5, 1:j], y[3, 1:j] * 1E2, '.-', linewidth=2, markersize=8, label=f.stem.replace('study_coco_', '').replace('yolo', 'YOLO')) ax2.plot(1E3 / np.array([209, 140, 97, 58, 35, 18]), [34.6, 40.5, 43.0, 47.5, 49.7, 51.5], 'k.-', linewidth=2, markersize=8, alpha=.25, label='EfficientDet') ax2.grid(alpha=0.2) ax2.set_yticks(np.arange(20, 60, 5)) ax2.set_xlim(0, 57) ax2.set_ylim(30, 55) ax2.set_xlabel('GPU Speed (ms/img)') ax2.set_ylabel('COCO AP val') ax2.legend(loc='lower right') plt.savefig(str(Path(path).name) + '.png', dpi=300) def plot_labels(labels, names=(), save_dir=Path('')): # plot dataset labels print('Plotting labels... ') c, b = labels[:, 0], labels[:, 1:].transpose() # classes, boxes nc = int(c.max() + 1) # number of classes x = pd.DataFrame(b.transpose(), columns=['x', 'y', 'width', 'height']) # seaborn correlogram sn.pairplot(x, corner=True, diag_kind='auto', kind='hist', diag_kws=dict(bins=50), plot_kws=dict(pmax=0.9)) plt.savefig(save_dir / 'labels_correlogram.jpg', dpi=200) plt.close() # matplotlib labels matplotlib.use('svg') # faster ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(8, 8), tight_layout=True)[1].ravel() y = ax[0].hist(c, bins=np.linspace(0, nc, nc + 1) - 0.5, rwidth=0.8) # [y[2].patches[i].set_color([x / 255 for x in colors(i)]) for i in range(nc)] # update colors bug #3195 ax[0].set_ylabel('instances') if 0 < len(names) < 30: ax[0].set_xticks(range(len(names))) ax[0].set_xticklabels(names, rotation=90, fontsize=10) else: ax[0].set_xlabel('classes') sn.histplot(x, x='x', y='y', ax=ax[2], bins=50, pmax=0.9) sn.histplot(x, x='width', y='height', ax=ax[3], bins=50, pmax=0.9) # rectangles labels[:, 1:3] = 0.5 # center labels[:, 1:] = xywh2xyxy(labels[:, 1:]) * 2000 img = Image.fromarray(np.ones((2000, 2000, 3), dtype=np.uint8) * 255) for cls, *box in labels[:1000]: ImageDraw.Draw(img).rectangle(box, width=1, outline=colors(cls)) # plot ax[1].imshow(img) ax[1].axis('off') for a in [0, 1, 2, 3]: for s in ['top', 'right', 'left', 'bottom']: ax[a].spines[s].set_visible(False) plt.savefig(save_dir / 'labels.jpg', dpi=200) matplotlib.use('Agg') plt.close() def profile_idetection(start=0, stop=0, labels=(), save_dir=''): # Plot iDetection '*.txt' per-image logs. from utils.plots import *; profile_idetection() ax = plt.subplots(2, 4, figsize=(12, 6), tight_layout=True)[1].ravel() s = ['Images', 'Free Storage (GB)', 'RAM Usage (GB)', 'Battery', 'dt_raw (ms)', 'dt_smooth (ms)', 'real-world FPS'] files = list(Path(save_dir).glob('frames*.txt')) for fi, f in enumerate(files): try: results = np.loadtxt(f, ndmin=2).T[:, 90:-30] # clip first and last rows n = results.shape[1] # number of rows x = np.arange(start, min(stop, n) if stop else n) results = results[:, x] t = (results[0] - results[0].min()) # set t0=0s results[0] = x for i, a in enumerate(ax): if i < len(results): label = labels[fi] if len(labels) else f.stem.replace('frames_', '') a.plot(t, results[i], marker='.', label=label, linewidth=1, markersize=5) a.set_title(s[i]) a.set_xlabel('time (s)') # if fi == len(files) - 1: # a.set_ylim(bottom=0) for side in ['top', 'right']: a.spines[side].set_visible(False) else: a.remove() except Exception as e: print('Warning: Plotting error for %s; %s' % (f, e)) ax[1].legend() plt.savefig(Path(save_dir) / 'idetection_profile.png', dpi=200) def plot_evolve(evolve_csv=Path('path/to/evolve.csv')): # from utils.plots import *; plot_evolve() # Plot evolve.csv hyp evolution results data = pd.read_csv(evolve_csv) keys = [x.strip() for x in data.columns] x = data.values f = fitness(x) j = np.argmax(f) # max fitness index plt.figure(figsize=(10, 12), tight_layout=True) matplotlib.rc('font', **{'size': 8}) for i, k in enumerate(keys[7:]): v = x[:, 7 + i] mu = v[j] # best single result plt.subplot(6, 5, i + 1) plt.scatter(v, f, c=hist2d(v, f, 20), cmap='viridis', alpha=.8, edgecolors='none') plt.plot(mu, f.max(), 'k+', markersize=15) plt.title('%s = %.3g' % (k, mu), fontdict={'size': 9}) # limit to 40 characters if i % 5 != 0: plt.yticks([]) print('%15s: %.3g' % (k, mu)) f = evolve_csv.with_suffix('.png') # filename plt.savefig(f, dpi=200) print(f'Saved {f}') def plot_results(file='path/to/results.csv', dir=''): # Plot training results.csv. Usage: from utils.plots import *; plot_results('path/to/results.csv') save_dir = Path(file).parent if file else Path(dir) fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 5, figsize=(12, 6), tight_layout=True) ax = ax.ravel() files = list(save_dir.glob('results*.csv')) assert len(files), f'No results.csv files found in {save_dir.resolve()}, nothing to plot.' for fi, f in enumerate(files): try: data = pd.read_csv(f) s = [x.strip() for x in data.columns] x = data.values[:, 0] for i, j in enumerate([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 6, 7]): y = data.values[:, j] # y[y == 0] = np.nan # don't show zero values ax[i].plot(x, y, marker='.', label=f.stem, linewidth=2, markersize=8) ax[i].set_title(s[j], fontsize=12) # if j in [8, 9, 10]: # share train and val loss y axes # ax[i].get_shared_y_axes().join(ax[i], ax[i - 5]) except Exception as e: print(f'Warning: Plotting error for {f}: {e}') ax[1].legend() fig.savefig(save_dir / 'results.png', dpi=200) def feature_visualization(x, module_type, stage, n=32, save_dir=Path('runs/detect/exp')): """ x: Features to be visualized module_type: Module type stage: Module stage within model n: Maximum number of feature maps to plot save_dir: Directory to save results """ if 'Detect' not in module_type: batch, channels, height, width = x.shape # batch, channels, height, width if height > 1 and width > 1: f = f"stage{stage}_{module_type.split('.')[-1]}_features.png" # filename blocks = torch.chunk(x[0].cpu(), channels, dim=0) # select batch index 0, block by channels n = min(n, channels) # number of plots fig, ax = plt.subplots(math.ceil(n / 8), 8, tight_layout=True) # 8 rows x n/8 cols ax = ax.ravel() plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.05, hspace=0.05) for i in range(n): ax[i].imshow(blocks[i].squeeze()) # cmap='gray' ax[i].axis('off') print(f'Saving {save_dir / f}... ({n}/{channels})') plt.savefig(save_dir / f, dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight')